…Con permiso de mis hermanos de sangre, Lazarillo de Tormes, Don Catrín de la Fachenda y el Periquillo Sarmiento, dejo que este muchacho lleno de inocencia y gran talento en las letras, cuente mi vida con el desparpajo de sinónimos que rodean mi ser y mi alma. Para mí será imposible describirme y elaborar vocales y consonantes por la falta de intelectualidad literaria que presento. Dejo ante sus ojos y mis manos a mi frustración para que narre la historia. No pido disculpa  a mi propio ego, ni al que escribe esta leyenda, con bondad le permito redactarla, porque él sí me conoce, yo soy doctorcito…UTO.

             Es temprano en la mañana y la sinceridad de escribir viene a mi mente desde hace unos días. Los ojos casi pegados al tecleado asumen el papel que les corresponden, y los dedos con la complicidad de la mente componen esta historia más real que el sol que ahora entra por mi ventana. La esfinge de mi novia me recibe en el computador, y pregunta, “¿qué haces?” Con bastante ansia le contesto, que voy a redactar una historia que a todos nos interesa conocer, debido que este personaje llamado doctorcito…UTO pernota cada noche en la ciudad, y tiene presencia en las vidas de los que intentan abrirse camino y alcanzar un mejor porvenir. Su misión es destruir y acabar con los sueños de la inocencia, la verdad y el sacrificio.

            Mis queridos lectores se preguntarán desde el principio, ¿quién será doctorcito…UTO? Bueno,  mis intenciones jamás serán torturarlos como en los libros de misterio hasta el final, para que conozcan la identidad de este bicho prehistórico y lleno de complejos que puede truncar con su poder la vida de cualquier estudiante universitario. Sus orígenes son en la basura, en el sancocho y en la inmundicia. Por lo tanto, su carácter lo conforma la envidia a las personas con talento y de origen latinoamericano. Sus ojos azules no son el mar inmenso y bonito que nos seduce a disfrutar una tarde de verano…, no, es lo contrario, es el océano profundo lleno de recelos y complejos de inferioridad. Es delgado y no muy alto, el color de su piel no refleja la pureza que debería, así que fue una ironía de la roña que engendró su madre, para darle esa imagen pura y muy real del color de su piel, que es el antónimo de su alma. Disculpe estimado lector por tantos adjetivos descriptivos tan propios de esta calaña de ser humano, pero deseo darle el aspecto que lo decora para si lo atisban cerca de usted, corran de inmediato, porque su origen puede causar celos, y si es latino, emprendedor y lúcido sus días en la …Universidad Teocrática Opresiva (UTO) serán contados.

            Ahora que el sol calentó mis dedos, he podido decirle a usted querido lector que significa, el nombre propio que la madre le puso a este personaje, muy común en nuestra sociedad. Empero para un estudiante de Arlington y que emprenda una carrera universitaria cerca de la calle Cobre, será peligroso sí se lo encuentra en su salón de clase. La madre del doctorcito…UTO le puso este seudónimo debido que antes de nacer su hijo, lo vio jugando con muñecas y vestido de doctora, el nombre originar sería doctorcita…UTA, sin embargo, la pobre mujer que padeció en todo su embarazo los dolores que le provocó el estiércol que llevaba en su vientre, jamás pensó que pudiera ser del sexo masculino o femenino la inmundicia que engendraba. Cuando el doctor le informó del recién nacido, ella se sorprendió, ¿qué es doctor?, le dijo en perfecto inglés, el galeno la miró, y sin aire en sus pulmones que le ayudaran a profesar palabras expresó, “es una especie bastante común en nuestra sociedad, los cuales nacen para perjudicar y siempre ver a quien le causan daño; diría Octavio Paz, para chingar o qué se lo chinguen si le gusta el estudiante. Ojalá que nunca tenga un cargo con poder, porque pobre del que caiga de su gracia, la vida para esa persona será difícil.”

            Al auscultar cada palabra referida por el médico, la madre lloró de melancolía por haber traído al mundo ese parasito, el cual junto con otros de su mismo nivel ensucian la atmósfera y destruyen la flora y la bondad de la sociedad. Ella observó hacia el techo del hospital y desde entonces pidió clemencia por todos aquellos seres humanos que cayeran en las garras del doctorcito…UTO, el cual la madre tuvo que quitarle la (P) que iba antes de la (U) para que no fuera muy obvio el camino que tomaría su frustración, al no conocer a ciencia cierta quién era, y qué deseaba en la vida. Su principal cualidad, el fracaso, al querer ser un sabio y terminar en un claustro de complejos y envidas hacia el ser humano. La peor desgracia es para la sociedad estudiantil, la cual tendrá que lidiar con este tipo de escoria que presenta un puesto importante dentro de un departamento de… una universidad, tiene la sabiduría del poder absoluto, la protección de la injustica, y el talento del fiasco.

                Eran cerca de las once de la mañana del año 2006 cuando por primera vez en mi vida de estudiante de licenciatura crucé palabras con doctorcito…UTO. Él fumaba en el segundo piso de la facultad, su reflejo se impactó con mi vista, debido que lo buscaba para realizarle unas preguntas referentes a una clase que él daría en el verano, y qué era unas de mis opciones para graduarme, ese mismo año; me dirigí hacia él. A mi tronco lo ataviaba un pulóver de mangas largas de color vino, y de una marca de ropa muy prestigiada. Él con sus movimientos florares señaló mi pecho y dijo, “Banana Republic, tú si tienes dinero”. Cuando escuché las palabras delicadas de un catedrático de la universidad cerca de la calle Cobre, me entró un escalofrío enorme en mi ser; argüí internamente; “ojalá que su conocimiento acerca de las tiendas de ropas, no sea el motivo de su talento como profesor; me confundí; tan simple el comentario, tan superficial y mediocre su forma de enseñar”.

            Así conocí al famoso doctorcito…UTO, en medio de una pasarela. Él cómo modisto y yo cómo su modelo. Para mi suerte no tuve que tomar la clase ese verano con él, porque de seguro me hubiera hecho la vida un yogur desde entonces. Empero mi suerte estaba echada, al encontrarlo ese mismo año en septiembre del 2006, en mi primer curso de postgrado. En seguida que me vio, se le abrieron los ojos de envidia y recelos, dentro de su ser arguyó: “Latinoamericano, talentoso y emprendedor, defectos que alimentan mis cualidades; éste no saldrá con vida de mis garras”. Él se presentó como la última Coca Cola del desierto, entre sus cualidades estaba que era doctorcito, y que había escrito un libro de gramática para los estudiantes de licenciatura; el cual le hace referencia a muchos escritores de los cuales les agarró las ideas para componer el suyo. Entonces les pregunto queridos lectores; ¿Será escritor?, o será esa palabra que empieza con (P) y termina en (O). Porque el talento dice un viejo escritor que viene cuando uno crea, no cuando uno copia. Pero mejor entremos en el tema de cómo se convirtió en doctorcito…UTO.  Fue en su viaje al hermoso país de Colombia; donde fue recibido con bastante calor latino y aprendió la lengua castellana, y donde por desgracia le destrozaron el corazón. Recuerdan queridos lectores el sueño de la pobre madre, en este preciso país fue donde se rompió el hechizo, de hombre a…UTO, con la (P) delante de la (U). Pero para este prestigioso catedrático de la calle Cobre, no podía llevar la (P) delante de la (U), aunque en el 1996 por poco se le queda en el pecho la (P) escarlata delante de la (U), sin embargo, la protección de la injusticia cubrió su falta, y siguió ostentando su condición de intocable, pero se disfrazó llamándose desde entonces doctorcito…UTO.

            Que maravilla es describir a una persona asceta y alfeñique con el único talento que posee un estudiante, que son sus ganas de triunfar con la verdad y la perseverancia. Ese gusto me lo ha suministrado el mismo doctorcito…UTO, al enunciarse en una ocasión muy agresivamente, “yo soy intocable”. Exclamé para mi interior cuando escuché estas palabras imberbes de un catedrático. “¡Seguro que sí! Por eso tienes esa fotografía en tu baño. Sí, esa de dorso descubierto, y de mirada de…UTO, con la (P) escarlata delante de la (U). Por eso eres intocable, porque tu esfinge es la idolatría de ese retrato de Oscar Wilde, el cual te ocasiona matar los sueños de cualquiera antes de verte en la realidad, qué es tu mezquindad; y te proteges con fortalezas de iniquidades, justificando tus acciones bárbaras y desmedida con tu rencor al latino sagaz. Mejor desaparece espectro fugas de mi mente, así la maravilla de esta descripción no te hará doctorcito…UTO estar orgulloso de tu propio retrato”. Sin embargo, en los dientes blancos de esta bazofia de ser humano, la satisfacción es superior a su vergüenza, él sonríe y desaparece.

            Les vuelvo a pedir disculpas queridos lectores por las excelentes pinturas de dicho personaje realizada durante esta presentación, empero queridos lectores, este óxido que engendró una pobre mujer jamás podrá vivir sin ser caracterizado tal y cómo es, debido que la justicia que él no posee, no lo permite. Entonces con su opresión jamás frenó mis ganas de salir adelante y tampoco tronchó mi porvenir; por eso lo retrato con su venia en su imagen y semejanza para prevenirlos, y recuerden, esta defecación de ser humano se halla en cualquier parte, así que mucho ojo. Por mi parte he seguido luchando hasta que pueda alcanzar la meta final, aunque en el camino ha habido mucho dolor y ganas de salir corriendo.

            Entonces con la astucia del Periquillo Sarmiento y cómo dijera el doctorcito…UTO si su vida no se hubiera convertido en la monotonía y desgracia donde subsiste: “queridos lectores, la vida tiene muchos sentidos, y no porque un animal de bellota se interponga en tu camino, tus días están contado. Sin embargo, les deseaba dejar constancia de una de estas alimañas prehistóricas que abunda en nuestra sociedad, ¡oh…vuelvo a retratarme, cual cómo soy! Quisiera contarles más, pero el silencio de ustedes lectores es su salvación, y la verdad de estas letras son mi pena de muerte. Doctorcito…UTO los espera, yo sigo en mi mismo puesto de trabajo esperándote o buscando una nueva presa, y recuerden puedo escoger a cualquiera de ustedes. Mi preferencia cómo he confesado en esta historia, son los latinos y con talento. Éstos son los que más me molestan, porque la sociedad no desea muchos triunfadores, y uno de los tentáculos de la sociedad soy yo, doctorcito…UTO, así que cuídense queridos lectores. Si desean estudiar por la calle Cobre tengan cuidado, porque me pueden encontrar. Bajo mi mando tengo una buena base de mi legado, y de mi manera de actuar. Hay dos más que tienen el poder de diez años, los cuales están seguros dentro del centro estudiantil. Les recordaré estudiantes lo que expresó en septiembre del 2008 uno de mis secuaces que está petrificado en la injusticia: — de la única forma que nos sacan del centro estudiantil, es, sí matamos o violamos a una persona –. Esta frase simbólica de la inmoralidad que perfuma y decora a los doctorcitos de la calle Cobre, fue referida por un hombre al cual la arrogancia y la versión que él conoce de alguna historia, le nubló su sabiduría; por lo tanto apreciando su capacidad académica y por razones de justicia las cuales ellos no tienen, no será objeto de descripción en la serie de cuentos de los doctorcitos de la calle Cobre. Ahora desaparezco de sus delicadas pupilas lectores para darle mi alma al atormentado escritor”.

            Entonces queridos lectores, mis dedos sólo han redactado con la venia de nuestro personaje principal la verdad, y al mismo tiempo han dejado constancia de las propias palabras pronunciadas por el actor intelectual de la obra durante el periodo puntualizado, y teniendo asegurando el permiso absoluto del doctorcito…UTO para contar la primera parte de esta divertida realidad. En la próxima edición podré escribir un poco más acerca del doctorcito…UTO, y de algunas anécdotas que pudieran serles útiles para confrontar la realidad con la fantasía.  Por otra parte le presentaré a la doctorcita…PBE. La cual es una de las favoritas del doctorcito…UTO. Al poseer muy celosamente cualidades que se necesitan para pertenecer al grupo del actor principal de la obra, mediocridad, rencor, y sumisión.

            Por derecho de autor y respeto a la sociedad estudiantil, todo esto es ficción y cualquier parecido con la realidad es pura coincidencia.

Firma

El príncipe de los ingenios…

            In our society, there are many forms of government but the most prevalent are Capitalism and Socialism. I’m a lucky man because I was living in a communism regime, (
Cuba), and now destiny has taken me out of that erratic system, and I’m enjoying Capitalism. My experiences enable me to talk about both lifestyles under different forms of government. Now, when I feel a breeze in my nose, my conscience knows that democracy floats in my heart and the ideals of democracy are like waves of “liberty perfume.”

            In the obsolete country where I lived for 23 years, my mind was stamped forever with thoughts of the oppression and resignation I felt. Each day of my life was horrible because I was scared that I might die and never know liberty.

By the way, let me get reflection; what is socialist? The dictionary said, “It is a system based on shared or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods.” The concept looks wonderful but when it is put into practice, it doesn’t work. However, socialist governments never want their brutal systems to change, and they do not want to abdicate their economic or political methods. Life in a socialist society is barbarous, cruel, detestable, and it greatly limits your freedom.

To be “Free” is impossible in
Cuba. Fidel Castro took power in January of 1959 and he has never let democratic institutions such as free elections occur. There is one party only, the Communist party. Cuban people do not have free speech and citizens cannot criticize the government’s economic plans, political rule, or laws because if they do, the system puts you in jail. In a socialist country, you don’t have pluralism because these methods affect the regime. It is the reason, if you are not in agreement with the ideology of the Communist party, you are in trouble. You are labeled a “contra-revolutionary” which means to “oppose, or you are an enemy of the state” and your destiny is jail. Socialist government does not allow private property. Everything has one owner and that person is the president, who in
Cuba is Fidel Castro.

Everything is different in Capitalism. It is an economic system in which resources and means of production are privately owned and prices, production and the distribution of goods are determined mainly by competition in a free market. This concept has a name, “
Liberty.” I came to the
United States of America in October 1995. The U.S government gave me political asylum because I wrote a book against the Cuban government. Until that time, I never felt what it was like to live in a democracy. In my mind, I could never begin to imagine the benefits of a democratic society. My life began to be free; my pen didn’t cry again because no one told it what it needed to write. Freedom is the most important thing a human can have.

Here in
America, the people are able to elect their president, senator, house representative, and state governors. Here, there are separate parties, but the first amendment guarantees you free speech, freedom of religion, and the right to petition.

Socialism and Capitalism are two major forms of government that we find on our planet. Both are ideas of the human brain and both have effected the development of humanity. Everyday, capitalism is fought as our society struggles with problems like food, health, and economic, but the most important thing about capitalism is that it tries to improve on a democratic system which guarantees a life of freedom. Socialism is becoming obsolete because this system of government denies individual citizens the right to liberty and freedom, and oppresses them for eternity.

Mario Vargas Llosa in his book “The Cubs” tells us the faithful reproduction of the life of a group of young people that grew up in Peruvian society. The author was describing how difficult it is living in macho society. Vargas Llosa exposes and criticizes the agony of the castration of that boy. The readers have an idea of how the adolescents think at that moment and how his medical condition affected him, and how this boy deals with his problem.

Latin American culture is too restricted and the taboo is always in the conscience of the people, then, it is very difficult for the adolescent to stop criticizing and reprimanding the people around them. “The Cubs” is the book that gives the readers many outside and inside examples of the Peruvian society; and the author presents his idea with a group of adolescents that try to help but at the same time oppressed and putting down the boy that is castrated. Vargas Llosa describes the world of these teenagers how it is and how human feelings are affected when society pressures them to be different, and do not accept them the way they are.

However, in his book, the author has not created something that he cannot perceive in the Latin American world because the cruelty of the human being is noticeable in every part of our lives. The author does not create a fancy picture; he gives us the reality of the group of teenagers that grew up together, and they discovered their world at the same time. Also, their experiences of their development and the way they think too. Their different ages give them a different perspective and idea of life and in addition their future and behaviors are changing day by day.

            The story of Pedro Paramo by Juan Rulfo show us the period in
Mexico between the Mexican Revolution in 1919-1920, and after the Cristero Revolt of 1926 through 1926. Juan Rulfo is a magical realist author because his story could be played as fiction, but his realism opposes the fantasy because he never explains the fiction world to us. Rulfo leaves the readers to determine whether the plot is magical or the plot is more truthful according to the world as
Mexico in this period. At this time Mexico had many economical, social and political problems because after the dictatorship of Porfilio Díaz, the traditional rural
Mexico had been ruined. Juan Rulfo wants to tell us about many things, but in my analysis I want to explain, the dramatic exodus from the countryside to the city, the real event (Cristero War), and the memories (yellow color).

            Pedro Paramo wrote a book that gives the readers many ideas about thousands of rural people going to the cities during the Mexican Revolution because the economic and insecurity situation were an important issue at this time. Also, the countryside was abandoned by the government and the country areas did not have rules or organization by law. Then, Rulfo in his story tells us about the Comala town. When Juan Preciado, son of Pedro Paramo arrived there, Comala was deserted; only in this town there are ghosts. For example, the exodus, Pedro Paramo, “Recuerdo días en que Comala se llenó de adioses, y hasta nos parecía cosa alegre ir a despedir a los que se iban, es que se iban con intenciones de volver.” (103); the author expressed his feeling in the way the readers can see the crises of rural Mexico, and how the people have to move to the cities because they cannot support their families economically and protect them from the war and necessities, as well, the readers perceives the melancholy and the agony of the Mexican people at this period of time.

            Death to Mexican people is not something that they cannot understand because it is part of Mexican tradition. Then, Juan Rulfo gives his short story of Pedro Paramo a way of magical realism. But the author has created ghosts to describe something he was perceived because he rejected any imaginative way the readers have to doubts and vacillation the world that he is describing; but this world is real. For example, Cristero Revolt of 1926 through 1929 was a real event. Pedro Paramo, “Y ya cuando le faltaba poco para morir vinieron las guerras esas de los ‘cristeros’…Fue cuando comencé a morirme de hambre…” (104), the ghost tells us the truth because Cristero Revolt was a real event. Rulfo wants that his fictional story to show to the readers a historical real event and he wants to share the relationship between fictional characters, the events, and memories.

            It is important to know that the memories of magical realist work distorts time and collapses with the order. Then, the short story of Pedro Paramo explores Mexican social history of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. But the narration is not chronological because this is an important part of the memories reconstruction. “¿Te acuerdas? Aquí cambio no se sentirá sino ese olor
Amarillo y acedo que parece destilar por todas partes. Y es que éste pueblo desdichado; untado todo de desdicha…” (107), strong phrase about what happened in Comala. The past and present of this town are horrible. The people leave and never come in back. The only way to return is when they are dead. Yellow color means, melancholy, agony, sadness, and nostalgia. The memories want us to forget the past because these memories brought to them loneliness and solitude.

            In conclusion, Juan Rulfo in Pedro Paramo shows us the reality of
Mexico and explores Mexican social history of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He illustrated to us the exodus from the rural areas to the cities, the realism of
Mexico at this period of time as Cristero War, and the memories.    

“I love order. It’s my dream…” (57), this phrase gives us the idea that Samuel Beckett’s character of Clov (he is blind) wants order around the world because it is important that the man finds himself trusting in the human condition. This play shows us the necessity of the human being finding the answers to many questions as a constant reference to the end of the world. For example this phrase shows us that Beckett is talking the tragedies of life, no matter how rational is, it is still not worth living for that reason we need order.

Hamm, who is blind, cannot stand up, and maybe this way he cannot see the world as it is but he can understand it. Also, sometimes he is so pessimistic, and does not believe in the order of the human. But it is important to know that Beckett is a moral realist, because he believes in good people. The argument between
Hamm and Clov shows us the idea that Beckett is a realist and believes that the God that made our planet is brutal and does not guide the human in the correcting way. But the human can conduct his own step in the correct way.

Hamm; “What in God’s name do you think you are doing?” Clov; “I’m doing my best to create a little order” (57).The importance of Beckett in this play is his power through his words and his ability to make us think a little more compassionate and willing to share, because to be good companions to others less fortunate than ourselves make us a better human being. These two characters are mutually dependent, but they have been fighting for years and continue to do so as the play progresses. In this way we can see the reality of life because the master has a different perception of the world than his servant. 

Our America, “…Estos tiempos no son para acostarse con el pañuelo en la cabeza, sino con las armas en la almohada,…trincheras de ideas valen más que trincheras de piedra…”, Martí calls us to wake up and start fighting for our values and identity. He knows that if Latin American does not fight for its values, then nobody can do for us what we can do for ourselves. This phrase give us the opportunity to know how important it is to be together at this time because Latin America was the ignorant continent, slavery was permitted, and our governments were not working for the people, they were working for our oppressor, or they fought each other to get power. Also, the symbolism of this phrase gives us the idea that Martí thought that education was important, because the idea of education and the rock is just the oppressor. But if Latin American has its own education and it has a lot people believing in its values then,
Latin America can defeat any enemy.

            “Éramos una visión…Éramos una mascara, con calzones de Inglaterra, el chaleco parisiense, el chaquetón de Norteamérica y la montera de España…”, our integration and independence are important parts of Our America. Martí wants to inspire our young people to fight together, and not follow our colonist culture. Be independent means, that we should have our own universities because our professors can teach about our history and culture. Also, our governments need to know about Hispanic-America, our necessities and not follow the European books, or the
U.S. books. Latin Americans need to be together because Latin American have one thing that any continent has because most of the Latin American countries speak Spanish, and we know about oppression and tyranny because for three centuries we the colonies are of the same country (
Spain). Also, Marti trying to prevent the
United States this kind of leadership so we cannot be sold to the imperialist; but it is important, that we do not fight each other because in this way we can open the door for the stranger. 

Realism is the movement that was dated in
France between 1850 and 1880, and the authors of this movement want to tell us about the world around them. But it is important to know that Realism could play with fiction, but realism opposes idealism. Gustave Flaubert in Sentimental Education shows
France to the readers at this period of time and also, he describe in his book, how French society was like at that time.

Realism is the faithful reproduction of life and the way people think at this period of time. Sentimental Education is the book that gives the readers many outside and inside examples of realism, Flaubert describes the world how it is, and how human feelings without representation are in abstract form. However, in his book, the author has not created something that he cannot perceive. The author does not create a fancy picture; he gives us the reality, for example, how the people dressed at that time and who the sailors are or who the passengers are.

Sentimental Education, for example, “The hill was crowned with trees, which surrounded low-built houses, covered with roofs in the Italian style”… (6), here we have real life, and describing to the readers, how
France looks like at this time. Also, Flaubert, describe a commonplace, and the everyday life of the habitants. Then, when the author tells us, that the hill was crowned with trees, the readers can figure out how this place looks like, and also in this scene, the readers know about the physical objects existing without the abstract form.

Flaubert illustrated to us the way the people thought, and the concern they have about society.  Realism is real life, then, Flaubert in his book gives exact examples of realism because he describes the outside and inside of
France’s a world.

            …¡Mi libertad!…sin duda es caso dulce la libertad…pero yo nací esclavo; era esclavo desde el vientre de mi madre, y ya… (12), the psychology of Sab tells the readers who he is, and what role Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda plays in her novel between nature and emotion through condemned slavery. As well, this phrase told to Sab gives us the idea that the author is trying to enlighten the readers of the interior of humans. 

However, Sab grew up in slavery so he knows what the condition of the Cuban society over the XIX century. First, the Sab does not accept any other way to live respecting his white owner, no matter what he looks like as a Creole or confused by his different appearance, his historical condition of seclusion, and segregation do not permit him to thinks any other way. But the most important is that his nature and creation put his psychology ideas in that he is a slave, and he could not do other thing because the society does not create a life to the free slave.

Romanticism is created by Sab in a different way but one of these examples is when the author said, “Crujieron sus dientes y con brazo vigoroso levantó en el aire, como a una ligera paja, el cuerpo esbelto y delicado
del joven ingles… (25), Gómez de Avellaneda gives the readers, the relationship between human emotion and nature because nature is the (wind), “get up on the wind”, and the individual emotion is his (upset) “rustle his tooth”. She tries to give us the idea that Enrique is an insignificant figure with the power of nature, because he is defenseless a straw that can fly in the air.

Furthermore, Romanticism in Sab is when the author describes the connection between nature and humans, and the human creature is insignificant against the power of nature. But the human emotion feels rebellious against nature and vise verse, because nature impacts the human emotion as thunder, torment, light, forest, and the description of the country. Finally, the romanticism in Sab explains nature in the condition of human passion. 

            The Enlightenment movement had the reason to believe in, the philosophy of the movement believes that reasoning is the best way to fight the tyranny of the kings, the oppression of the Catholic Church and the ignorance, but also the Enlightenment believed in building a better world.

            The history of the world argued that the Enlightenment movement had its role at the end of 17^th century through the 18^th century, but if we read the history about René Descartes, he was the philosopher that tried to knowledge his own existence, and he said in the 17^th century that “I think, therefore I am”. If we analyze this thought, then we can see that Descartes tried to use his reasoning to analyze who we are, and where we came, and he tried to use his reasoning to know about his own existence.

            By the way, the Enlightenment grew up in the period of society focusing on fanaticism and a strong belief in God. Then, the dogma of religion obstructed the logic of thought. This was the reason that the Enlightenment thinker tried to use reasoning, because reasoning is the powerful way to use common sense. For example, in class we read Candide by Voltaire, in his book, he critiques 18^th century society because Candide tried to use his reasoning to understand the world and he also makes fun of the cause it effects on human behavior. He is compared to the rich and the poor, trying to look for many answers about the misery of the world, that is the reason that he has opened many questions to society but he never tell us his answer, also, we can find in Candide’s different philosophy that there are pessimist and optimist. In his book Voltaire uses satire and parody to be critical about the European monarchy because Voltaire believed in the constitutional monarchy, and its shared powers.

            The Enlightenment is the movement of reason, and everything could be rebated because no one has the truth in their hands. Most of the Enlightenment thinkers have their principal target in their own religious beliefs. The idea was that they do not believe in any kind of religion because they know that it is man made.